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Halloween Costumes Kids Best Costume halloween costumes kids Information
In the early times, before the beginning of human civilization and
development of
philosophy, people believed in the idea that Gods, who
basically controlled every
individual aspect of human existence, controlled
the world. Some primitive people
believed in the idea of Animism, or
Hylozoism. (The belief that everything in the
universe, especially material
objects, have some kind of sole or is a living being.) These
people believed
that rocks, trees, and water had some kind of sole. Animism can still be
seen today in Native American tribes as well as the Aboriginal people of
Australia.
Although the Greek culture didn't believe in Animism, an
Ionian named Thales
adopted this idea in his own way. Thales was born in the
Greek city-state of Ionia in the
mid 620's(BC.) Thales did not only study
knowledge philosophy, but also practiced
science, history, engineering,
geography, and politics. Thales was the first of his time to
propose
theories of a primary substance that causes change, and supports the universe.
Thales believed that water was this substance, and the essence of life. He
also believed
that it was made up of small Gods. Although his theories
didn't prove to be right, such as
spontaneous generation, or the theory that
earthquakes were caused by waves, Thales is
considered to be the father of
philosophy.
Anaximander was another Ionian who happened to be a
philosopher. He knew
Thales but disagreed with him in his theories.
Anaximander wasn't only a philosopher,
but a scientist and inventor. He is
even credited for creating the first sundial.
Anaximander believed in the
theory of "apieron." Apieron is the unlimited, indeficit,
indestructible
substance out of which individual things are created with and destroyed.
Although he believed apieron was real, he also believed that it was
unexplainable. It
would be like saying that the letter W explained the
alphabet. He also believed that the
formation of the world was due to the
separation of opposites, and that the opposites were
constantly at war. With
these factors, he believed that moderation is the key to success.
Although
some of his theories were proved wrong, Anaximander was the first person to
brush the theory of evolution and was the father of Astronomy and cosmology.
Many of
Anaximander's accomplishments are still regarded today.
Anaximenes was another Greek philosopher who lived around the time of
Anaximander. He was Anaximander's most notable student, but disagreed with
Anaximander on many levels. Anaximenes disagreed with the notion of apieron,
but
went back a generation of thought to Thales ideas on the substance of
which life is made.
Anaximenes' ideas were much different from the ideas of
Thales because Anaximenes
believed that air was the ultimate substance,
rather than water or apieron. Anaximenes
introduced the ideas of
condensation and rarifacation. To prove this theory he said that
when air is
rarified, it becomes fire, but when air is condensed, it would become water.
Anaximenes was also credited as the first person to perform a scientific
experiment. It
stated that if one held his hand near his mouth and blew with
tight lips, the air would be
cool, however, if he blew on his hand with an
open mouth, it would be warm. Through this slow evolution of thought while new
generations of philosophers debated the ideas of their predecessors, philosophy
was able to advance as quickly as the human societies that incorporate
philosophies.
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